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The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family violence against CHILDren (CHILD abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of CHILD abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more CHILDren) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, CHILDren under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of CHILDren and family violence was also defined as violence applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of violence has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren. In other results, it was found that violence-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence and neglect against CHILDren and family violence against CHILDren.

Background & Aims: CHILD Abuse (CA) is a multi-dimensional damage which is emerged and intensified by several elements. CA brings about physical, mental, and social aftermaths for the CHILDren and exposes them to several dangers. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between Substance Abuse and CA in Tehran.Materials & Methods: This study was conducted through a survey, and systematic random sampling method was used. The statistical population of this study was CHILD Abuse in Tehran in 2014-15. The sample population of this study was 273 individuals which were selected using Cochran Sampling Formula among the CHILD Abuse. The questionnaires were also analyzed after investigating validity and reliability of the questions.Results: The findings of this research showed that girls and boys are abused equally. Moreover, as the age of the CHILDren increases, the possibility of being abused increases too. The most common insult was physical and physical-mental abuse. Most of the CHILDren have experienced a combination of physical, mental, and sexual abuse and neglect. Also, findings of this study showed that addiction of the parents was the main element of CA (43% of cases); and there was a significant relationship between parental Substance Abuse and CA. Dependency to methamphetamine was the most common addiction compared to other drugs (83%).Conclusion: Considering these results, the necessity of multi-dimensional planning in individual, family, and social levels and in three preventive phases of first, second and third is needed for effective prevention and appropriate intervening on CA.

In this paper we show that INNER derivation Sa maps into the radical if and only if for every irreducible representation p, p (a) is scalar. In addition we obtain that every INNER derivation corresponding to o-quasi central elements in some Banach algebras maps into the radical. Finally, we extend some results for INNER derivations to generalized INNER derivations. AMS Mathematics Subject Classification: 64H40

According to Muslim philosophers and sufis, knowledge is divided into two kinds, namely, intuitive (INNER) knowledge and acquired knowledge. The acquired Knowledge is attained through external objects and includes all sense perceptions and experimental data. Intuitive (INNER) knowledge, however, involves spontaneous conception and instinctive representation, that is neither attained through the senses, nor is the reflection of the external objects.In the present article, by studying the background of intuitive (INNER) knowledge in Islamic tradition, esp. Masnavi Manavi, attempt is made to show the role of this type of knowledge in Islamic philosophy and mysticism.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to CHILD labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of CHILD labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards CHILD labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and CHILD labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in CHILDhood, CHILD labor as an income generating industry, CHILD labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working CHILDren, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working CHILDren in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of CHILD labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working CHILDren, lack of proper organization and social support of working CHILDren, Anonymity of working CHILDren and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

Background: Cochlear implantation (CI) is usually performed through mastoidectomy and posterior tympanotomy (PT) to access the cochlea. This surgical procedure can expose the surgeon to possible complications or misplacement of the electrode. Alternative techniques for cochlear implantation with endomeatal or suprameatal approach without posterior tympanotomy have been described. Here, we report a 4-year-old patient, a candidate for cochlear implantation, for whom due to the difficulty of accessing the round window, we used the combined approach to reach the cochlea. Case Report: In this particular patient, there was no restriction on mastoid pneumatization,so, we began surgery with a posterior tympanotomy approach to access the round window. But after opening the mastoid and facial recess, because the lateral semicircular canal was not developed well, the oval window and the stapes were displaced posteriorly. Moreover, because of posterior displacement, the round window was not visible through the facial recess. Therefore, by adding the trans-canal approach, we could access the round window, and the prosthesis was successfully inserted. No complication occurred, and six months after surgery, the patient had acceptable auditory and speech performances. Conclusion: Familiarity and having experience in different approaches to the cochlea is a prerequisite for a cochlear implant surgeon to be able to use alternative methods in cases of difficulty in accessing the round window or finding a proper site for cochleostomy.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, strategies, and consequences of violence in the lives of CHILD wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 CHILD-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of CHILD-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among CHILD wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).